Phytochemicals and callus suspension culture as cancer therapeutics

studies found that compounds from callus are more effective than those from whole-plant extracts and chemotherapeutics. They induce apoptosis by upregulating p53, altering the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, activating caspases, and arresting cancer cells in G2/M. Even though the suspension culture of callus is a promising technology, there are challenges such as bioavailability, lack of preclinical/clinical data, quality control issues for large-scale production and regulatory challenges.