Immunomodulatory Mechanisms in Regenerative Therapies: Enhancing Healing and Modulating Inflammation in Breast Cancer

The immune system is essential for tissue regeneration and repair. Indeed, the rate and outcome of the healing process, including the degree of scarring and the restoration of organ function, are greatly influenced by the immune response to tissue damage. Therefore, since therapies based on stem cells and growth factors have not yet shown widespread clinical success, using biomaterials and drug delivery systems to modulate immune components is becoming an appealing approach in regenerative medicine. A deeper comprehension of the immune system's role in tissue repair and regeneration is required to develop effective reparatory and regenerative therapies. This understanding should be accompanied by numerical data or quantitative information that links the narrative flow with specific analyses and findings. We start by summarizing the functions of the different immune cell types in tissue repair. The basic concept, applications, and constraints of regulatory T (Treg) cell-based therapy, a subset of cellbased immunotherapy, are then covered. Finally, we address immunotherapy strategies based on biomaterials, which use different biomaterials to modulate immune cells to promote tissue repair and regeneration. Conventional breast cancer treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted medications, including PARP inhibitors and HER2 monoclonal antibodies. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) are linked to treatment resistance and recurrence. To overcome the complexity of breast cancer and improve clinical outcomes, this study highlights the critical intersection of regenerative medicine, nanotechnology, and personalized therapies.