Recent Trends in Current Collector Technologies for Rechargeable Batteries and Future Design Strategies

As the demand for high-energy-density and high-safety secondary batteries intensifies, the role of the current collector (CC)―a critical but often overlooked “inactive” component―has transitioned from a simple electronic conductor to a multifunctional platform. Traditional planar metal foils, such as aluminum and copper, face significant challenges, including high volumetric density, susceptibility to chemical corrosion, and poor interfacial compatibility with advanced active materials. This review systematically analyzes the material evolution and structural design strategies of CCs to address these limitations.</br>Specifically, we discuss the transition from conventional metal foils to carbonaceous substrates, conductive polymers, and organic-inorganic hybrids. We emphasize surface modification techniques―such as carbon and inorganic coatings―that enhance interfacial adhesion and “lithiophilicity,” thereby facilitating uniform lithium nucleation. Furthermore, we examine the emergence of three-dimensional structural designs (e.g., foams, meshes, and porous scaffolds) which effectively lower local current density and accommodate the drastic volume expansion of lithium metal anodes, significantly suppressing dendrite growth. Finally, this review provides a perspective on the future development of “intelligent” current collectors that integrate intrinsic safety mechanisms and multifunctional designs, offering a roadmap for the commercialization of next-generation high-energy storage systems.