A comprehensive review on the influence of masonry infill wall properties and opening configurations on the seismic response of RC buildings

Although masonry infill walls are frequently regarded as non-structural elements, they have a substantial impact on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) frames. In order to assess how infill properties and frame behavior interact, this review synthesizes data from experimental testing, numerical modeling, and post-earthquake reconnaissance (2015–2024). Although irregular opening configurations can result in soft-story mechanisms and severe localized damage, solid infills can increase initial stiffness by 400–800%. The impact of material characteristics, opening percentage, and opening location on lateral strength and ductility is methodically examined in this work. It also fills a significant void in the literature about the combined effects of partially grouted infills and multiple openings. In order to improve the resilience of infilled RC structures, the review concludes by comparing international code approaches and offering design recommendations.