Multi‐Omic Insights Into Mediterranean Diet‐Associated Microbiota

This study aimed to evaluate the gut microbiota and mycobiota composition, depending on the Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence, using metataxonomics. Combining metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, we also investigate the gene expression level in the bacterial community. Two groups of healthy subjects greatly differing in adherence were selected. Significant differences in microbiota composition were observed between individuals with high adherence (HAMD; mean 10.5 +/- 0.9 points) and low adherence (LAMD; 5.23 +/- 83 points). Notably, the olive oil, vegetable, and fruit consumption presented an important discriminant power between groups. Saccharomyces, Penicillium, and Candida were the most abundant genera. Mycobiota richness was higher in LAMD than in HAMD. Aspergillus was identified as a biomarker for LAMD, whereas Yarrowia, a potential probiotic, was a biomarker for HAMD. Metatranscriptomics indicated that Bacillota was the most metabolically active phylum in the gut microbiota. The low-abundant genus, Methanobrevibacter, showed high transcriptional activity, contributing to the crucial methanogenesis process. Gene expression analyses further highlighted functional differences. Overall, HAMD microbiota presented increased metabolic activity, protein synthesis, and cellular mobility. Overexpression of flagellin and urease genes may enhance immune response in HAMD. Further metatranscriptomic studies are necessary to deepen our understanding of intestinal microbiota transcriptional programs and their interactions with the diet and human health.