Fully Automated Stain Quantification Framework for IHC Whole Slide Images in Breast Cancer

= 0.84, 95% CI: 0.63-0.94). In external validation, it achieved 86% accuracy in HER2 classification (0-3+) and a mean absolute error of 21 ± 10 (range: [5-46]) in CD73 scoring, where ground truth H-scores were all 0.ConclusionThe framework achieves agreement comparable to that of expert pathologists, underscoring its clinical utility in providing reproducible IHC scores that can reduce diagnostic variability and support consistent treatment decisions. The code is available at https://github.com/YinTuo/AutoIHC.