Advances in Avian Diagnostic Pathology: Current Trends, Challenges and Future Directions: A Review

Avian pathology is the scientific study of diseases in birds, focusing on the structural, functional and molecular changes in tissues and organs caused by infections, toxins, nutritional deficiencies or others. It plays a critical role in maintaining poultry health, ensuring food security and supporting economic growth. The aim of this review is to highlight current trends, challenges and future directions in avian pathology, with a special emphasis on advancements in diagnostic approaches that enhance avian disease detection and management. However, the practical application of advanced technologies in avian pathology remains limited, particularly in Ethiopia. Recent diagnostic advancements, including immunohistochemistry, molecular techniques as well as digital pathology, have improved the detection, characterisation and management of poultry diseases. Future directions emphasise the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning for accurate diagnostics, real-time disease monitoring and outbreak prediction. Ethiopia has achieved significant progress in avian pathology, particularly through polymerase chain reaction and histopathology. Despite ongoing advancements, the poultry industry continues to face challenges, including emerging and re-emerging pathogens, limited access to diagnostic infrastructure, zoonotic risks and antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, strengthening biosecurity practices, promoting responsible antimicrobial use and expanding the use of molecular, digital pathology and AI-supported diagnostic tools remain essential strategies for protecting both poultry population and public health. To further enhance disease detection and control, diagnostic capacity and professional training in avian pathology should be strengthened in Ethiopia.