Three-dimensional printed PCL/nHA scaffolds promote soft tissue functional fibrosis to repair chest wall defect via Piezo1/Ca2+ signal during respiratory motion

overload and increased fibroblast apoptosis. Under dynamic mechanical stimulation, the PCL/10 wt% nHA scaffold markedly promoted fibroblast functionality and tissue fibrosis, facilitating robust soft tissue hardening in vivo. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the Piezo1/TGF-β1 signaling axis plays a central role in mediating fibroblast responses to cyclic shear stress. These findings demonstrate that the PCL/10 wt% nHA scaffold effectively supports tissue-engineered structural reinforcement through fibroblast-driven fibrosis, presenting a biodegradable and mechanically adaptive approach with potential for future chest wall repair applications.