Preoperative GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Use and Postoperative Outcomes in Orthopaedic Surgery: A Scoping Review of Perioperative and Recovery Outcomes

INTRODUCTION: The rapid expansion of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) use for weight management and diabetes has raised perioperative questions, particularly regarding delayed gastric emptying and infection risk. Emerging real-world data suggest a more nuanced perioperative profile. This scoping review synthesizes evidence on preoperative GLP-1 RA exposure and postoperative outcomes across orthopaedic procedures, with emphasis on soft-tissue sports medicine, and is intended to map associative perioperative outcomes rather than establish causality. METHODS: Following Arksey-O'Malley and Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and PRISMA-ScR reporting, we searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL Ultimate, Academic Search Premier, and Ovid Emcare (2015 to 2025). Eligible studies evaluated adult orthopaedic patients with documented GLP-1 RA use and postoperative outcomes. Three reviewers independently screened and extracted study characteristics, exposure timing, perioperative management, and outcomes. RESULTS: Of 117 records screened, 35 studies met inclusion. Most were large retrospective cohorts spanning arthroplasty, spine fusion, trauma fixation, foot/ankle fusion, shoulder arthroplasty, and rotator cuff repair. Across hip, knee, and shoulder arthroplasty, GLP-1 RA use was generally associated with similar or lower 90-day complications, reduced periprosthetic joint infection, shorter length of stay, and fewer readmissions or revisions. Spine findings were mixed: Several cohorts showed lower infection and readmission, while others noted increased pneumonia, acute kidney injury, or pseudarthrosis in long-term semaglutide users. Trauma and ankle fracture cohorts showed no increase in short-term complications and in some cases lower mortality, with isolated signals for increased late fall-related injuries. Soft-tissue cohorts (rotator cuff repair and distal radius fixation) demonstrated fewer adverse events without increased aspiration or revision surgery risk. Functional outcomes (PROMIS) were rarely reported. CONCLUSION: Preoperative GLP-1 RA exposure is not broadly associated with increased postoperative risk and often correlates with lower infection, readmission, and mortality rates-particularly in arthroplasty, spine, and ankle fracture fixation cohorts. Findings in spine surgery are more mixed and warrant cautious interpretation, especially with prolonged semaglutide exposure. Outcomes in sports-medicine procedures seem reassuring, although prospective multicenter studies with standardized perioperative protocols and PROMIS-based outcomes are needed.