Advancement of DNA Functionalized Graphene Oxide and Their Theranostic Application

DNA-functionalized graphene oxide (GO) represents a promising integration of molecular biotechnology and nanomaterials, combining the programmable recognition capability and biocompatibility of DNA with the large surface area, strong fluorescence quenching ability, and tunable chemistry of GO. This review provides a comprehensive overview of DNA-functionalized GO with particular emphasis on functionalization mechanisms and strategies. First, the fundamental coupling interactions between DNA and GO are discussed, including the need to overcome electrostatic repulsion arising from negatively charged DNA and GO surfaces. Approaches such as ionic strength regulation, pH adjustment, covalent modification, and linker-mediated assembly are highlighted as effective strategies. Subsequently, the review systematically summarizes their respective advantages, limitations, and application scenarios. Building upon these strategies, we further evaluate recent advancements in biosensing, bioimaging, and therapeutic applications, highlighting how precise functionalization significantly improves sensitivity, selectivity, and overall biomedical performance. Finally, current challenges concerning material stability, controlled loading, and in vivo applicability are critically examined, and future research directions toward clinical translation are outlined. This review aims to offer comprehensive insights that foster innovative developments and expand the practical implementation of DNA-functionalized GO in advanced theranostic applications.