Synergistic impacts of green infrastructure and urban form on thermal comfort in hot and humid environment: A case study of Wuhan

Optimizing urban form is an important method to improve urban thermal comfort. Although increasing attention has been paid to green infrastructure and urban form respectively, comprehensive investigations into their synergistic effects on urban thermal comfort remain limited in existing studies. This study combines urban morphology to analyze synergistic impacts of green infrastructure (GI) and neighborhood form on hot and humid environments through ENVI-MET. Meanwhile, the green volume ratio (GVR) and spatial enclosure (SE) were selected as representative indicators of greenery and urban form, and their nonlinear relationships with thermal comfort indicators (UTCI, MRT) were analyzed using generalized additive models (GAMs). This approach allowed the calculation of optimal parameter ranges while retaining mechanistic interpretability. Results show: ① the optimal spatial layout is the G3-RV-A3, which can reduce temperature by 2.69 °C and increase humidity by 7.36%; ② increased GVR in winter can have a negative impact on thermal comfort due to lower temperatures and increased humidity. G1-A2 is the optimal spatial layout, where temperature loss can be controlled to within 0.15 °C. ③ GVR should be increased to 1.2 and above in summer, and SE exceeding 0.8 can improve thermal comfort; while in winter, the increase of GVR is negatively correlated with thermal comfort, and thermal discomfort occurs after SE exceeds 0.8. ④ optimal GVR values (3.56 for A1, 3.64 for A2, 2.89 for A3, 3.06 for A4) reduce summer thermal stress by 4.2–5.18 °C, with winter heat loss limited to 1.08–1.48 °C • Studied synergistic effects GI and neighborhood form on Hot and Humid Environment • Found the best summer and winter layout. • Built correlation machine learning model for different indicators. • Computed optimal parameter for different indicators.