Cancer Genomic Medicine for Urological Malignancies in Japan

Cancer is a disease caused by genomic alterations, and identifying the profile of genetic changes in each cancer leads to the optimal choice of treatment, that is, precision medicine. In Japan, comprehensive genomic profiling tests were covered by insurance in June 2019, and cancer genomic medicine was fully implemented in clinical practice. In the field of urological malignancies, the approval of olaparib for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with BRCA1/2 mutations has led to the practical application of cancer genomic medicine in many cases. However, various challenges exist in its implementation and clinical utilization. This review outlines cancer genomic medicine in urological malignancies, focusing on the types and characteristics of genetic tests performed in clinical settings, as well as the accessibility of treatments based on their results.