Resisting illiberalism: Bureaucratic ethics in illiberal times might need Hegel more than Weber

Objectives: This chapter examines the ethical dilemma of bureaucrats in democracies facing illiberal transformation. It argues that the dominant Weberian model of neutrality and hierarchical obedience offers little normative ground for resisting executive orders that undermine constitutional democracy. The objective is to explore whether Hegel’s conception of bureaucracy as part of the ethical life (Sittlichkeit) of the state provides a firmer foundation for legitimizing bureaucratic resistance. Methodology: The chapter employs a conceptual and comparative analysis of Weber’s and Hegel’s theories of bureaucracy, complemented by neo-Hegelian critiques (Frankfurt School, Hannah Arendt). It reconstructs Hegel’s view of bureaucracy as a mediating “universal class” and contrasts it with Weber’s ethically minimalist model to derive implications for public administration ethics and education. Results: The analysis shows that Weberian neutrality risks enabling democratic backsliding by rendering bureaucrats passive executors. Hegel’s framework, by contrast, embeds ethical judgment within institutional roles and provides a normative basis for civil servants to act as guardians of constitutional order under illiberal rule. Conclusions: Public administration education should cultivate a liberal-institutional ethos that prepares bureaucrats not only to administer impartially but also to exercise principled resistance when democracy is threatened.