Analysis of phenotypic traits of beech and sessile oak in selected seed stands in Bosnia and Herzegovina

This paper analyzes the structure of 15 beech seed stands and eight sessile oak seed stands registered in the seed object register of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska, as well as the structure of seven beech seed stands and three sessile oak seed stands in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina that had been evaluated but not registered. The paper also examines the most important characteristics of broadleaf trees used in mass selections, i.e., the selection of seed stands. A total of 19 phenotypic tree characteristics were used in the analysis of seed stands’ quality, including 16 descriptive traits that are critical in assessing the suitability of seed objects. Quantitative measurements included tree diameter, height and age. The qualitative structure of the selected beech and sessile oak seed stands in Bosnia and Herzegovina is generally satisfactory. However, targeted silvicultural interventions are necessary to further enhance stand structure and long-term sustainability. Given the significant ecological and vegetation diversity across Bosnia and Herzegovina, the current number of selected seed stands for both beech and sessile oak is insufficient and fails to support the effective conservation of the autochthonous genetic diversity of these important tree species. The spatial distribution of the existing seed stands only partially covers the genetic variability of the species, with satisfactory coverage observed only in the central regions of the country. This uneven distribution suggests a suboptimal utilization of the species’ genetic potential and underscores the need for the additional selection of seed stands. Priority should be given to small, isolated stands located in ecologically extreme conditions, ensuring a broader geographic and ecological representation – from east to west and from north to south. In addition to expanding the network of seed stands, individual selection within the existing stands of sufficient quality should be undertaken. In the forthcoming period, it is essential to select plus trees, test them, and establish seed plantations. Based on available molecular research, genetic regionalization should be carried out for beech and sessile oak. Seeds and planting material should be used according to genetic principles to support healthy and well-adapted forest populations.