A rapid and white analytical approach for florfenicol determination in animal plasma using Rotating Disk Sorptive–Dispersive Extraction with agricultural waste–derived magnetic carbon

A rapid, sustainable, and efficient analytical method based on Rotating Disk Sorptive–Dispersive Extraction (RDSDE) coupled to HPLC–DAD was developed and validated for the determination of florfenicol in animal plasma. The method employs a magnetic activated carbon (MAC) sorbent derived from avocado seed, an agricultural waste material, combining high extraction efficiency with improved environmental performance. Key extraction parameters were optimized, achieving optimal conditions with 20 mg of MAC, an extraction time of 20min, and acetone as desorption solvent with a desorption time of 5 min.The method was fully validated in porcine plasma, demonstrating excellent selectivity, linearity (R² ≥ 0.9967), precision (RSD ≤ 7.2 %), and accuracy (recovery ≥ 91 %) over the concentration range of 0.5–10 mg L⁻¹. Dilution integrity was confirmed up to 20 mg L⁻¹, and robustness was demonstrated with respect to sorbent batch variability. Applicability to bovine plasma was also verified, confirming the method’s robustness toward matrix variation.A kinetic comparison between RDSDE and conventional Rotating Disk Sorptive Extraction (RDSE) revealed markedly faster extraction kinetics for RDSDE, reaching equilibrium within 20 min, whereas RDSE required substantially longer extraction times under comparable conditions. In addition to its analytical performance, the method was evaluated using AGREE, AGREEprep, BAGI, and RAPI metrics, confirming its classification as a white analytical method that balances metrological robustness, environmental sustainability, and operational practicality.Overall, the proposed RDSDE followed by HPLC-DAD methodology represents a technically innovative and environmentally responsible alternative for florfenicol determination in animal plasma, offering significant advantages for veterinary pharmacokinetic studies and residue monitoring.