Fundamental thermovisco mechanical interactions governing the acoustic response of laser-excited nanoparticles

In this work, we investigate the thermoacoustic generation and propagation of spherical waves in a viscous fluid induced by a laser-heated spherical particle. Periodic laser excitation gives rise to two coupled mechanisms of acoustic emission. Heat transfer from the particle to the surrounding fluid produces periodic compressions and rarefactions, giving rise to the thermophone effect, while periodic thermal expansion of the solid particle modulates its radius and launches acoustic waves through a piston-like action, known as the mechanophone effect. The thermophone contribution dominates at low frequencies, whereas the mechanophone mechanism becomes more relevant at higher frequencies, with the crossover governed by the interfacial thermal resistance at the solid–fluid boundary. We investigate the effect of nanoparticle embedding fluid viscosity on acoustic wave propagation. Viscous dissipation has a significant impact on attenuation and substantially alters the acoustic penetration depth, thereby affecting the effectiveness of the signal transmission. Viscous damping plays a key role in the mechanophone effect, where hypersonic frequency waves are generated, notably by photoacoustic excitation with picosecond and subpicosecond laser pulses. We develop a theoretical model based on the coupled conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy in both phases, explicitly accounting for thermal diffusion and viscous losses. The reciprocal coupling between thermal and acoustic fields is fully described, allowing us to quantify how frequency and fluid viscosity jointly control the penetration length of the generated acoustic waves in realistic media. Finally, we discuss the implications for theranostics, highlighting how ensembles of laser-activated particles embedded in biological tissue may be optimized for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.