Population discontinuity in the Paris Basin linked to evidence of the Neolithic decline
At the transition between the third and the fourth millennium BC, there is evidence for a population decline concurrent with the end of megalith building across continental northwestern Europe. In Scandinavia this 'Neolithic decline' is followed by a massive population turnover, as farming communities disappeared and were replaced by people with steppe ancestry. In western Europe, however, ancestry associated with Neolithic farmers persisted beyond the Neolithic decline, and it remains unclear whether a similar demographic replacement occurred. To investigate the population dynamics around the Neolithic decline in present-day France, we sequenced 132 ancient genomes from the allée sépulcrale at Bury. Located in the Paris area, Bury spans two burial phases separated by a hiatus with no burial activity: one phase directly preceding the Neolithic decline in the late fourth millennium BC, ending around 3000 BC, and a later phase some time after the Neolithic decline in the early- to mid-third millennium BC. Our analysis revealed that the two burial phases at Bury represented largely discontinuous genetic groups of a markedly different social organization as inferred from three large pedigrees. We show that the difference between the two burial phases can be linked to a northwards movement of Neolithic ancestry from the south, which only spread into the Paris Basin after the Neolithic decline, at around 2900 BC. Together with genetic evidence of various infectious diseases in the dataset, such as Yersinia pestis and Borrelia recurrentis, as well as evidence for forest regrowth between the two phases, these findings detail a population turnover at the end of the fourth millennium BC, offering a possible explanation for the cessation of megalith building.
Authors
- Martin Sikora (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2818-8319)
- Charleen Gaunitz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3681-528X)
- Torben Dehn
- Jesper Stenderup (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6916-106X)
- Hugh McColl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7568-4270)
- Jialu Cao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5359-7072)
- Frederik Valeur Seersholm (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2217-3247)
- Morten E. Allentoft (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-3568)
- Lasse Vinner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3081-3702)
- Laure Salanova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1365-2716)
- Gabriele Scorrano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0887-4023)
- Kristine Vesterdorf (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7893-4810)
- Morten Fischer Mortensen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4167-8227)
- Abigail Ramsøe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5132-007X)
- Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7576-5380)
- Fabrice Demeter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1288-5534)
- P. Chambon
- T. Douglas Price
- Karl-Göran Sjögren
- Ralph Fyfe
- Sascha Krüger
- Svend Illum Hansen
- Eske Willerslev
- Kristian Kristiansen
Institutions
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- University of Bremen (DE)
- Université Paris Cité (FR)
- Curtin University (AU)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- KSL Consulting (Denmark) (DK)
- National Museum of Denmark (DK)
- Musée de l'Homme (FR)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- University of Plymouth (GB)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Nature Ecology & Evolution
- Published
- 2026-04-03
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-026-03027-z
- Citations
- 1
- Primary Topic
- Forensic and Genetic Research
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 20.23
Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- European Commission
- National Research Foundation
- Danmarks Grundforskningsfond
- Lundbeckfonden
- Novo Nordisk
- Riksbankens Jubileumsfond
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- H. Lundbeck A/S