Synthetic Fiber Sanitary Napkins: Nonnegligible Exposure Source of Organophosphate Esters in Women

OPs during menstruation was 805 ng/kg BW/day in the low-absorption scenario and 2240 in the high scenario, which was comparable to dietary intake. Molecular docking analysis revealed that OPAs and OPAs = O may competitively inhibit key steroidogenic enzymes (CYP11A1, CYP17A1, CYP19A1, and 17β-HSD1), exhibiting binding affinities comparable to or greater than those of typical endocrine disruptors (bisphenol A and triphenyl phosphate). This study identifies dermal exposure from synthetic fiber sanitary napkins as a critical pathway for OPAs/OPAs = O, highlighting their potential to disrupt hormonal homeostasis and pose a reproductive health risk.