Mystery Disease X Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: A Narrative Review of Epidemiological Patterns and Response Challenges

Background and Aims: An unknown disease known as Disease X first surfaced in the Panzi Health Zone, Kwango Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), towards the end of 2024. It mainly affected children under the age of five. The clinical characteristics and of the outbreak are examined in this review. Methods: A narrative review was conducted by searching PubMed, WHO reports, and gray literature regarding this outbreak before 2025. Results: The epidemic manifests as flu-like symptoms, fever, and cough. Response to fighting this outbreak has been hindered by socioeconomic problems, limited testing, and poor health facilities. The outbreak reflects similar problems from previous outbreaks, such as Ebola and cholera. Conclusion: The Disease X outbreak highlights problems in the DRC's health system. Strengthening testing facilities, funding, and broad surveillance is essential in controlling this outbreak.