Hydrothermal system dynamics at Pisciarelli fumarole field (Campi Flegrei): insights from geophysical and numerical modelling

mixture circulating in the shallow hydrothermal system of Pisciarelli were carried out using the TOUGH2 numerical code with the EOS2 module. This modelling approach enabled detailed characterization of the system's current dynamics, including temperature distribution, gas pressure, gas saturation levels, and fluid flow pathways. The results emphasize the pivotal role of the main fault system in controlling fluid accumulation and migration, which in turn drives the intense degassing activity observed at Pisciarelli. These findings provide new insights into the physical state of the Pisciarelli-Solfatara hydrothermal complex and contribute to assessing the potential for sudden explosive hydrothermal events under current conditions.