CRISPR–Cas9 Therapeutics in Early Clinical Development: Delivery and Molecular Diagnostics

-associated inherited retinal degeneration (EDIT-101 programme) and hepatocyte-targeted lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for liver-derived targets such as transthyretin and plasma prekallikrein (KLKB1). As translation expands across hematologic, metabolic, ocular and oncology indications, development is increasingly constrained by the predictability and safety of editing outcomes, delivery-determined biodistribution and exposure time, and immune recognition of bacterial Cas9 orthologs and delivery components. We summarize diagnostic readouts for confirming patient genotype, quantifying on-target editing and expression changes, assessing off-target and structural outcomes using orthogonal assays, and monitoring clonal dynamics and immune responses during long-term follow-up. We also discuss how these readouts interface with CMC controls and regulatory expectations for advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), highlighting the need for fit-for-purpose, standardized testing frameworks in early trials.