Prospective constraints on dark energy from nanohertz individual gravitational wave sources
Abstract Nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs) from supermassive binary black holes (SMBBHs), detectable via pulsar timing arrays (PTAs), offer a novel avenue to constrain dark energy. Based on cosmological simulations and semi-analytic galaxy formation models, this study explores the detectability of individual nanohertz SMBBH sources using next-generation PTAs and their potential for constraining dark energy under an optimistic scenario considering only the presence of white noise. By constructing light-cone SMBBH populations across hardening timescales $$(\tau _H = 0.1/5/10$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> Gyr) and computing signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), we find advanced PTAs can resolve $$10^2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> – $$10^3$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> sources with SNR $$> 8$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>></mml:mo> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> (primarily at $$z < 1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with chirp masses of $$10^8$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> – $$10^{10}M_{\odot }).$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⊙</mml:mo> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> If electromagnetic counterparts can be identified, optimal configurations $$(\sigma _t = 50$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>50</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ns, $$N_p = 1000,$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1000</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> $$T_{\text {obs}} = 30$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>obs</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>30</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> yr with $$ \tau _H \le 5$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> Gyr) could constrain the dark energy equation-of-state (EoS) parameter w to $$\Delta w \sim 0.023$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>w</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.023</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> –0.048, where the constraints only exhibit weak dependence on $$\tau _H$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math>
Institutions
- Henan Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Shenzhen Technology University (CN)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- The European Physical Journal C
- Published
- 2026-04-02
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-15555-w
- Primary Topic
- Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
- National Key Research and Development Program of China