Prospective constraints on dark energy from nanohertz individual gravitational wave sources

Abstract Nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs) from supermassive binary black holes (SMBBHs), detectable via pulsar timing arrays (PTAs), offer a novel avenue to constrain dark energy. Based on cosmological simulations and semi-analytic galaxy formation models, this study explores the detectability of individual nanohertz SMBBH sources using next-generation PTAs and their potential for constraining dark energy under an optimistic scenario considering only the presence of white noise. By constructing light-cone SMBBH populations across hardening timescales $$(\tau _H = 0.1/5/10$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> Gyr) and computing signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), we find advanced PTAs can resolve $$10^2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> – $$10^3$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> sources with SNR $$&gt; 8$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> (primarily at $$z &lt; 1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with chirp masses of $$10^8$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> – $$10^{10}M_{\odot }).$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⊙</mml:mo> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> If electromagnetic counterparts can be identified, optimal configurations $$(\sigma _t = 50$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>50</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ns, $$N_p = 1000,$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1000</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> $$T_{\text {obs}} = 30$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>obs</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>30</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> yr with $$ \tau _H \le 5$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> Gyr) could constrain the dark energy equation-of-state (EoS) parameter w to $$\Delta w \sim 0.023$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>w</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.023</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> –0.048, where the constraints only exhibit weak dependence on $$\tau _H$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math>

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Publication Details

Journal
The European Physical Journal C
Published
2026-04-02
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-15555-w
Primary Topic
Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

Prospective constraints on dark energy from nanohertz individual gravitational wave sources

The European Physical Journal C
Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
article

Prospective constraints on dark energy from nanohertz individual gravitational wave sources

article en

Abstract

Abstract Nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs) from supermassive binary black holes (SMBBHs), detectable via pulsar timing arrays (PTAs), offer a novel avenue to constrain dark energy. Based on cosmological simulations and semi-analytic galaxy formation models, this study explores the detectability of individual nanohertz SMBBH sources using next-generation PTAs and their potential for constraining dark energy under an optimistic scenario considering only the presence of white noise. By constructing light-cone SMBBH populations across hardening timescales $$(\tau _H = 0.1/5/10$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> Gyr) and computing signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), we find advanced PTAs can resolve $$10^2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> – $$10^3$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> sources with SNR $$&gt; 8$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> (primarily at $$z &lt; 1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with chirp masses of $$10^8$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> – $$10^{10}M_{\odot }).$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⊙</mml:mo> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> If electromagnetic counterparts can be identified, optimal configurations $$(\sigma _t = 50$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>50</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ns, $$N_p = 1000,$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1000</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> $$T_{\text {obs}} = 30$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>obs</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>30</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> yr with $$ \tau _H \le 5$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> Gyr) could constrain the dark energy equation-of-state (EoS) parameter w to $$\Delta w \sim 0.023$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>w</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.023</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> –0.048, where the constraints only exhibit weak dependence on $$\tau _H$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math>

The European Physical Journal CVol. 86(4)
Henan Academy of Sciences (CN), Shenzhen Technology University (CN), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
National Natural Science Foundation of China, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, National Key Research and Development Program of China
Openalex Percentile: Top 21%
Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
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