A Matrix-Free 3D Hepatocyte–Macrophage Co-Culture Spheroid Model for Dual Assessment of Lipid Accumulation and NF-κB-Mediated Inflammatory Activation Under Glucolipotoxic Stress

: This 3D hepatocyte-macrophage co-culture model provides orthogonal readouts of steatosis and NF-κB-mediated inflammatory activation under glucolipotoxic stress, offering a reproducible, fit-for-purpose screening tool for investigating early glucolipotoxic hepatic responses and evaluating candidate compounds in a defined in vitro setting.