Diseases of the Esophagus: GERD, Achalasia, Barrett's Esophagus, and Schatzki Ring

Esophageal disorders such as Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), Achalasia, Barrett’s esophagus, and Schatzki ring represent major causes of morbidity worldwide. These conditions encompass functional, structural, and premalignant pathologies with overlapping symptoms but distinct pathophysiological mechanisms. This review integrates epidemiological trends (2010–2025), clinical features, diagnostic advancements, and therapeutic strategies. Special emphasis is placed on early detection, prevention of complications like esophageal adenocarcinoma, and the role of minimally invasive therapies. Advances in endoscopy, manometry, and pharmacotherapy have significantly improved outcomes and quality of life in patients with esophageal disorders.