Assessing Sustainable Approaches in the Face of Industrial Chemical Pollution of Freshwater

Freshwater ecosystems—including rivers, lakes, wetlands, and aquifers—are critical to global biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and human well-being. However, these systems are increasingly threatened by industrial chemical pollution, stemming from the discharge of heavy metals, toxic organic compounds, pharmaceuticals, and untreated industrial waste. This pollution compromises water quality, disrupts ecological balance, and poses serious health, social, and economic risks, particularly to vulnerable communities. In response, a range of sustainable approaches have emerged to mitigate industrial pollution and restore freshwater integrity. This review critically assesses current strategies, including regulatory frameworks, green technologies, waste management innovations, and circular economy practices. Unlike previous reviews that often focus on specific pollutants or treatment technologies, this study integrates pollutant sources, environmental impacts, and sustainable mitigation approaches within a unified analytical framework. The analysis highlights that integrated strategies combining technological treatment, effective regulatory governance, and resource recovery practices are essential for reducing industrial pollution and improving long-term water sustainability. By synthesizing recent research and case studies, this review offers actionable insights into how sustainable approaches can be strengthened to address the growing challenge of industrial chemical pollution in freshwater systems.