Intestinal Organoid Models as Emerging Tools to Investigate the Impact of Dietary Components on Gut Health

Dietary factors play a crucial role in human health by regulating gastrointestinal physiology, immune responses, and metabolic homeostasis. Although traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures and animal models have provided fundamental insights, they exhibit limitations in their physiological relevance, species differences, and ethical considerations. Intestinal organoids, which reconstruct the structural and cellular complexity of the intestine, have emerged as advanced models for investigating the relationship between dietary components and gut health. This review summarizes recent advances in intestinal organoid culture and their applications in food and nutrition research, with a focus on organoid sources and the effects of bioactive dietary compounds on intestinal homeostasis and related diseases. With the integration of multiomics approaches, organoid-on-chip systems, and other emerging technologies, intestinal organoid applications in precision nutrition and gut health research are expected to expand further. These insights highlight intestinal organoids as promising models for research and innovation in food science and nutrition.