Multi-herbal ergogenic supplement induces <i>in vitro</i> mutagenicity and cytogenetic damages in HepG2 and HEK293 cells

Popular ergogenic supplements for weight loss raise safety concerns due to potential cardiovascular, liver, and kidney toxicity. Their genotoxicity remains insufficiently studied, highlighting the need for more research on their long-term effects. The Brazilian health surveillance and regulatory system does not include dietary supplements under OECD genotoxicity regulatory guidelines. This study evaluates the mutagenic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of a multi-herbal ergogenic supplement using the Ames test, WST-1 cell viability assay, and cytokinesis-block micronucleus tests in HepG2 and HEK293 cell lines. The Ames test revealed dose-dependent mutagenicity, particularly with metabolic activation, while the WST-1 assay showed hepatocytotoxic and nephrocytotoxic potential with dose- and time-dependent response. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay further confirmed genotoxicity, with significant formation of micronuclei and other cellular damage indicators. Our study emphasizes the need for careful safety monitoring of ergogenic supplements, highlighting the toxicity risks associated with their mutagenic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic potential.