Artificial Intelligence-Guided Optimization of Hyaluronic Acid-Coated Liposomal Linagliptin for Targeted Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

markedly restored ovarian redox balance through modulation of the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway, indicating a mechanistic basis for the amelioration of PCOS-associated oxidative stress and metabolic dysfunction. Overall, the optimized HA-coated liposomal formulation demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability compared to unformulated linagliptin, supporting its potential as a targeted repurposed nanocarrier-based therapy for PCOS management, where AI and response surface design are efficient tools for accelerating pharmaceutical formulation development and predicting formulation performance.