Spatial distribution, inter-metal relationships, and health risk assessment of trace metals in Suya (roasted beef) sold in Yenagoa metropolis, Nigeria

Suya, a popular ready-to-eat roasted meat in Nigeria, is a major protein source but may also expose consumers to toxic metals due to processing methods, environmental contamination, and handling practices. However, data on its elemental composition and health risks in Bayelsa State are limited. Therefore, this study assessed trace metals and minerals in suya sold in Yenagoa metropolis and evaluated associated health risks for adults and children. Suya samples from twelve locations were analyzed for Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), and Lead (Pb) using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Elemental relationships and contamination sources were examined using Spearman correlation, principal component, factor, and cluster analyses. Health risks were evaluated via non-carcinogenic and lifetime carcinogenic risk (LCRI) based on U.S. EPA models. Metal concentrations (mg/kg ww) varied widely: Cu (1.437-27.786), Cd (0.270-0.502), Pb (0.001-27.796), Zn (40.230-75.211), Mn (1.907-7.458), and Fe (84.935-171.254); Cr was not detected. Na (6,873.124-12,207.606) predominated among macro elements. Multivariate analyses identified roasting equipment, seasonings, charcoal combustion, and environmental deposition as contamination sources. HI values exceeded 1 in all locations for adults (2.239–5.205) and children (4.919–11.44), with Cd as the major contributor. LCRI for Cd and Pb exceeded acceptable limits (10⁻⁶–10⁻⁴), especially in children. Suya consumption in Yenagoa poses significant health risks, particularly for children. Regular monitoring and the adoption of improved hygienic and processing practices are recommended, alongside public awareness and dietary risk reduction strategies.