Gallstone Disease (Cholelithiasis): Pathogenesis, Clinical Spectrum, Differential Diagnosis & Surgical Management

Gallstone disease (cholelithiasis) is a highly prevalent hepatobiliary disorder characterized by the formation of calculi within the gallbladder or biliary tract. It ranges from asymptomatic disease to life‑threatening complications such as acute calculous cholecystitis and cholangitis. This review integrates epidemiologic data (2010–2025), mechanisms of stone formation, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, complications, and modern surgical management strategies. Emphasis is placed on early diagnosis and minimally invasive treatment.