Molecular Insights into the Immunogenetic Pathways of Diabetic Kidney Disease

BACKGROUND: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a major microvascular complication of diabetes, is increasingly recognized as a chronic inflammatory disorder driven by immune dysregulation. SUMMARY: This review examines key immunogenetic pathways in DKD, focusing on genetic variants affecting innate and adaptive immunity. We explore how polymorphisms in genes regulating immune cell function, cytokine production, and inflammatory signaling contribute to renal damage. Recent evidence demonstrates that these immunogenetic factors significantly influence DKD development and progression. KEY MESSAGES: The pathogenesis of DKD is profoundly influenced by an individual's genetic predisposition to immune dysregulation. Numerous genetic variants can exacerbate inflammatory responses, promoting disease development. A deeper understanding of these immunogenetic pathways not only clarifies the pathophysiology of DKD but also opens avenues for novel biomarker discovery and the development of targeted, personalized immunomodulatory therapies.