Tartrazine (INS 102) in carbonated drinks: preliminary dietary exposure and risk characterisation among the Algerian adult population

. In both low and high exposure scenarios, average individual estimated and chronic daily intakes (EDIi and CDIi) for the study population subsets remained below 13% of the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). At the highest percentiles, values reached 17% and 15.6%, respectively. Average individual hazard quotients (HQi) were well below 1, with HQi ranging from 0.008 to 0.121. These preliminary findings suggest that Tartrazine intake from carbonated drinks does not pose any health risk to Algerian adults. Further studies are needed to comprehensively estimate the total Tartrazine intake from additional food categories and to assess cumulative exposure to multiple azo dyes commonly incorporated into beverages.