Bridging Economic Growth and Literacy: Mediation–Moderation Pathways Linking Agriculture, Environment, and Poverty Reduction Across Asian Economies

In the framework of reducing poverty, this study explores the numerous connections between economic, environmental, and agricultural aspects, paying particular attention to the moderating role of literacy. The Study aims to assess how agricultural employment, arable land, forest area, fertilizer usage, and ecological resources shape poverty outcomes in Asia. Utilizing panel data from 46 nations between 2000 to 2023, sourced from the World Development Indicators, the analysis applies advanced econometrics such as FMOLS and DOLS, alongside a panel co-integration framework validated through panel unit root and cointegration tests. Results indicate that agricultural employment significantly reduces poverty, arable land has mixed effects depending on management practices, and excessive fertilizer use can hinder long-term sustainability. Economic growth partially mediates these relationships, while literacy strengthens the positive poverty-reducing effects of agriculture. The finding highlights the need for multi-sectoral strategies, including sustainable agricultural practices, enhanced literacy programs, and greener technologies, to achieve effective and inclusive poverty alleviation.