Noninvasive Neuromodulation to Enhance Neurological Function and Recovery

Abstract Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques, including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct and alternating current stimulation (tDCS, tACS), and transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS), represent promising tools for neurorehabilitation and symptom management across neurological and psychiatric conditions. These modalities modulate cortical excitability, foster neuroplasticity, and target maladaptive network activity. Evidence supports applications in stroke, Parkinson disease (PD), Alzheimer disease, chronic pain, and psychiatric disorders, though methodological variability, heterogeneous patient populations, and lack of standardization limit clinical translation. This review synthesizes current knowledge, highlights therapeutic potential, and underscores the need for rigorous trials to establish efficacy and optimize treatment protocols.