Distribution, sources and ecological risk assessment of bisphenol analogues in groundwater in basin and plateau areas of China

BPs ranging from 11.14 ng/L to 401.15 ng/L in SC, and 0.03 ng/L to 127.75 ng/L in XZ. Spatially, BPs concentrations in groundwater were significantly higher in SC than in XZ. Temporally, SC showed no significant seasonal variation, whereas XZ exhibited markedly higher BPs concentrations during the wet season. Ecological risk assessment indicated that: SC primarily faced moderate risk, while XZ exhibited overall low risk, with BPPH being the primary contributor in both areas. Source analysis revealed that BPs in SC originated mainly from polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, and food packaging.