Modern treatment approaches and effective early diagnosis in reducing antibiotic resistance mortality: A review

Antibiotic resistance (ABR) has emerged as a critical global health challenge, posing considerable threats to effective infection management and public health. Antibiotics are increasingly ineffective against a wide range of pathogens because of the rising rate of microbial resistance. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics in both clinical and agricultural settings have contributed to the proliferation of resistant strains. A substantial number of deaths are attributable to drug-resistant infections, underscoring the urgency of addressing this crisis. This review aims to inform stakeholders in mitigating the impact of antibiotic resistance on global health. It focuses on the multifaceted nature of ABR, highlighting mechanisms by which bacteria avoid antibiotic action, including horizontal gene transfer, genetic mutations, and biofilm formation. The review also emphasizes the need for an integrated, modern approach to reduce antibiotic resistance, incorporating advances in diagnostic techniques and novel therapeutic strategies to protect public health.