Physical activity, gender, and energy intake among Indonesian adolescents: cross-sectional study of diet and behavior

Introduction: Adolescence was a critical period for establishing healthy lifestyle behaviors. Understanding the relationship between physical activity and energy intake was important for improving adolescent health. Objective: This study aimed to examine the associations between physical activity, gender, and total energy intake among Indonesian adolescents, and to identify dietary pattern clustering. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 447 adolescents aged 13–15 years. Energy intake was estimated using a screened food frequency questionnaire, physical activity was assessed with a standardised questionnaire, and dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. Statistical analyses included variance testing, correlation, regression, and interaction analysis, with assumptions of normality and homogeneity evaluated. Results: Energy intake varied significantly by physical activity level and gender, but not by area. Three dietary patterns were identified: plant-based traditional, mixed, and processed food patterns. A significant interaction between activity and gender indicated a stronger association among males. Regression analysis showed a modest positive relationship between activity and energy intake. Discussion: These findings were consistent with previous studies showing gender differences and modest associations between activity and intake. The coexistence of traditional and modern dietary patterns reflected an ongoing nutrition transition. Conclusions: Physical activity and gender were associated with energy intake, though the effect size was modest. These findings support the need for gender-sensitive interventions to improve adolescent nutrition.