Frozen Surface Modes on a Moving Interface

Spatio-temporal modulation enables synthetic motion at effective velocities approaching the speed of light, providing new regimes for light-matter interaction. Traditional Cherenkov-type effects arise when the velocity of an emitter matches or exceeds the phase velocity of electromagnetic modes supported by a medium. Here, we study dispersive systems in which phase and group velocities differ markedly. Specifically, we explore the case of group-velocity matching for surface waves, where the emitter moves at the same velocity as the flow of energy. This gives rise to frozen surface modes which are stationary in the emitter frame, accompanied by resonant energy accumulation. The result is a dramatic increase of the local density of optical states, the power extracted from the emitter, and the optomechanical forces and torques it experiences. Since surface modes naturally exhibit slow group velocities, this is accessible at lower relative speeds than phase-velocity effects. This phenomenon provides a route to enhanced light-matter interaction via real or synthetic motion.