Between interest and distrust: Farmers' willingness to participate in energy transition cooperatives in Poland

Farmers are increasingly expected to contribute to the energy transition. However, their willingness to cooperate in renewable energy initiatives remains poorly understood, especially in rural regions characterised by low social trust. This study investigates the factors influencing farmers' willingness to participate in energy cooperatives in Eastern Poland, a post-socialist rural region marked by low levels of social capital and persistent distrust towards cooperatives. The research develops and empirically tests an integrated analytical framework that combines insights from the Value-Belief-Norm theory, the Attitude-Behaviour-Context model, and studies on community perceptions of energy initiatives. The analysis is based on a survey of 519 farmers conducted during the 2022 energy price crisis. Cluster analysis, non-parametric tests, and logistic regression are used to identify farmer typologies and key predictors of willingness to cooperate. The results show that farmers' willingness to participate in such initiatives is influenced by normative motivations, perceived practical benefits, and contextual factors. Environmental concern, moral obligation, and the perceived usefulness of cooperative energy projects increase the likelihood of participation, while older age and historical distrust towards cooperatives reduce it. Three distinct segments of farmers were identified: enthusiasts, moderates, and sceptics. The findings highlight the ways in which socio-cultural conditions and historical legacies shape engagement in cooperative energy initiatives. They emphasise the necessity of trust-building measures, targeted education, and locally adapted policy instruments that support inclusive energy transitions in rural regions. • Historical mistrust limits farmers' willingness to join energy cooperatives. • Younger, educated, and environmentally conscious farmers are more willing to cooperate. • Three distinct segments of farmers have emerged: enthusiasts, moderates, and sceptics. • High energy prices increase farmers' willingness to participate in energy cooperatives. • Trust-building measures and targeted educational initiatives are needed to increase participation in energy cooperatives.