Clinical Profile and Visual Outcomes of Amblyopia in Children: A Retrospective Analysis from a Tertiary Care Centre in Northeast India

Background: Amblyopia is a leading cause of preventable visual impairment in children, with prognosis strongly influenced by etiology and age at intervention. Regional data from Northeast India remain limited, despite unique demographic and healthcare access challenges. The study conducted to evaluate the clinical profile, etiological distribution, and treatment outcomes of amblyopia among children attending a tertiary care centre in Northeast India, and to identify factors associated with visual improvement. Methods: This retrospective observational study included children aged ≥3 years diagnosed with amblyopia between January 2023 and December 2025. Demographic details, clinical characteristics, refractive status, amblyopia subtype, and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were recorded. Amblyopia was classified into anisometropic, iso-ametropic, strabismic, meridional, and stimulus deprivation types. Management included refractive correction with or without occlusion therapy following standard protocols. Visual improvement and treatment success were assessed using predefined BCVA criteria. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate associations between clinical variables and outcomes. Results: A total of 108 patients were analyzed, with a male predominance and a mean age at presentation in mid-childhood. Anisometropic amblyopia was the most common subtype, followed by iso-ametropic amblyopia. Refractive amblyopia demonstrated the most favorable response to treatment, whereas strabismic and stimulus deprivation amblyopia showed comparatively poorer outcomes. Younger age at presentation was significantly associated with higher treatment success, while gender and baseline severity showed no significant association. Conclusion: Refractive amblyopia remains the predominant and most treatment-responsive form of amblyopia. Delayed presentation continues to limit optimal outcomes, particularly in non-refractive subtypes. Early detection through routine pediatric vision screening and timely intervention are essential to improve visual prognosis in children.