An integrated multi-criteria decision framework for outlet mall location selection using fuzzy DEMATEL–DANP–VIKOR

Outlet malls, as integrated retail spaces combining shopping, dining, and leisure, have rapidly expanded in global markets, and their location planning involves multiple interconnected, strategic criteria. This study develops an integrated multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework that includes Porter's diamond model within a fuzzy DEMATEL-DANP-VIKOR approach to support the comparison of outlet location options. Seventeen evaluation indicators were identified through a literature review and a modified Delphi process. The fuzzy DEMATEL method was used to analyze causal relationships among criteria, while the DANP method was used to determine interdependent weights. VIKOR was then applied to rank three candidate locations shortlisted during the initial planning stage in Tainan, followed by sensitivity analysis. The results show that the proposed framework clarifies the patterns of structural influence and preference-sensitive rankings while maintaining stability across different decision preferences. Overall, the framework offers a systematic, theory-based decision-support tool for retail investment and outlet location planning.