Urolithin A blocks colorectal cancer progression by AKT1 inhibition–driven immune activation

T-cell infiltration. Mechanistically, UA was associated with modulation of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway to limit tumor progression and with alterations in AKT1-related signaling, including changes in the P-AKT1/FOXO1 axis and increased expression of cytotoxic effector molecules such as GZMB, thereby contributing to antitumor immune activation and remodeling of the tumor immune microenvironment. This study proposes a working model of a diet-microbiota-AKT1-immunity axis, which may provide conceptual insights into CRC prevention and immunotherapeutic strategies.