A holistic risk identification approach for <scp>LPG</scp> storage systems using a combination of <scp>HAZOP</scp> , fuzzy <scp>FTA</scp> , <scp>ETA</scp> , and <scp>FMECA</scp> methods

Abstract The safe operation of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) storage systems is critical due to the potential hazards. This paper develops a comprehensive risk assessment framework to improve the safety evaluation of LPG storage systems in Algeria. First, hazard and operability study (HAZOP) identifies possible hazards and consequences, which are then assigned as top events in the fuzzy fault tree analysis (FFTA) in order to address the inherent uncertainties. Subsequently, event tree analysis (ETA) evaluates different accident scenarios and consequence pathways. Finally, the results are transformed into a failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis (FMECA) framework, where basic events are assessed to prioritize risks and recommend mitigation measures. By combining HAZOP's systematic hazard identification, FFTA's uncertainty handling, ETA's consequence mapping, and FMECA's risk prioritization, the proposed framework offers a holistic approach that is both robust and adaptable. The proposed methodology is applied to an Algerian LPG storage facility, demonstrating its effectiveness in identifying high‐risk and providing actionable safety improvements. A comparison with a standard FTA/ETA methodology is applied to validate the approach.