Research on Coordinated Operation of Electricity–Hydrogen Multi-Agent Energy Systems Based on Asymmetric Nash Bargaining

Coordinating multiple electric–hydrogen regional energy systems (EHRESs) under renewable uncertainty while ensuring rational benefit allocation remains a significant challenge. To address this issue, this paper proposes a cooperative energy mutual-assistance strategy for multiple EHRESs. An electric–hydrogen coupled operational framework integrating power-to-hydrogen technology is established, and a tiered carbon trading mechanism is incorporated to curb carbon emissions. Renewable-generation uncertainty is modeled using chance constraints. To solve the coordinated operation problem in a distributed manner, the cooperative model is decomposed into two tractable subproblems and solved using ADMM. In addition, an asymmetric Nash bargaining-based payoff allocation method incorporating aggregated contribution rates is developed to reflect heterogeneous participant contributions. Case studies are conducted to evaluate convergence, economic performance, emission reduction, and payoff allocation. The results show that the proposed method supports contribution-aware energy trading and benefit sharing among EHRESs while reducing carbon emissions by 8.54% and operating costs by up to 17.17%.