Assessing nurses’ attitudes toward artificial intelligence in Kazakhstan: psychometric validation of a nine-item scale

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into healthcare, yet the attitudes and knowledge of nurses, who are the key mediators of AI implementation, remain underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of a previously validated nine-item scale measuring nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward AI and to describe preliminary findings from primary healthcare centre (PHC) nurses in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Methods: = 160). Internal consistency, composite reliability, and average variance extracted were calculated to evaluate reliability and convergent validity. Results: overall=0.94; subscales 0.92 and 0.89). A substantial proportion of nurses recognized AI's potential to enhance patient care, decision-making, and workflow efficiency, though 38.8% were reluctant to adopt AI personally. Conclusions: The validated scale demonstrated excellent psychometric properties in Kazakhstani context and has the potential to be used more broadly across the Central Asian region. While nurses exhibited positive perceptions of AI's clinical and operational benefits, gaps in specific knowledge suggest a need for targeted educational interventions.