Ti solubility in biotite at low pressure in metapelitic systems: the Torres del Paine case

The Torres del Paine Intrusive Complex (TPIC) is a shallowly emplaced pluton surrounded by a well-defined contact aureole, providing an ideal setting to test Ti-in-biotite thermometry. We compare existing Ti-in-biotite thermometers with phase petrology constraints and found that they systematically overestimate peak metamorphic temperatures. This discrepancy arises from a significant increase in Ti solubility at low pressures $$(<1$$ kbar). In fact, we demonstrate that a pressure difference of $$\sim 0.25$$ kbar within the aureole leads to an increase of 0.1 a.p.f.u. in Ti content, suggesting that pressure plays a key role in Ti incorporation at these low pressures. At lower pressures, the Ti-oxy substitution becomes saturated, and Ti incorporation is dominated by a Ti-spinel exchange mechanism. Additionally, textural and chemical analyses reveal that composition vary between small domains of a few hundred micrometers, indicating that local compositional heterogeneities significantly influences Ti content in biotite, even when a Ti-oxide and an Al-rich silicate are nearby. Finally, biotite starts growing near to the biotite-in isograd, and keeps on growing, so that its composition does not fully adjust to the peak composition due to the short metamorphic event. These findings highlight that both pressure and temperature influence the Ti content in biotite. The application of Ti-in-biotite thermometry requires careful consideration of equilibrium domains and growth kinetics.