Antimicrobial efficacy and cytotoxic assessment of plasma-activated water generated by a dielectric barrier discharge microbubble system

(ATCC 10231) using PAW generated at 7 and 14 min of activation. In addition, cytotoxicity was evaluated in L929 fibroblasts following ISO 10993-5 criteria, and cell viability remained above the 70% threshold after exposure to PAW. Morphological assessments were performed in both L929 and B16F10 cells using fluorescence microscopy to examine potential differential cellular responses. These findings indicate that longer activation times enhanced antimicrobial activity while preserving fibroblast viability, supporting the potential of PAW as an effective and safe alternative for biomedical applications.