Synchromodal readiness through neutrosophic DEA: Indian port efficiency under uncertainty

Purpose This study aims to evaluate the relative efficiency of 12 major Indian ports by applying neutrosophic data envelopment analysis (NDEA), a novel technique that extends traditional DEA by incorporating the dimensions of indeterminacy, falsity and truth. The research addresses the need for uncertainty-informed efficiency assessment in the context of India's synchromodal logistics landscape, where ports serve as critical nodes for flexible modal transitions. Design/methodology/approach The study employs both classical DEA and NDEA to assess port performance. NDEA is particularly suited for handling the layered uncertainties present in port operations such as fluctuating cargo volumes, imprecise manpower data and variable waiting times. The analysis is theoretically grounded in the dynamic capability theory (DCT) and the natural resource-based view (NRBV). Waiting time is interpreted through the lens of DCT as a reflection of operational agility, while manpower and port capacity are linked to NRBV as sustainable, valuable and inimitable resources. Findings The comparative analysis reveals that traditional DEA may overestimate efficiency scores by overlooking data ambiguity. In contrast, NDEA offers a more realistic portrayal of efficiency under uncertain conditions. It highlights which ports are operationally resilient and which are more vulnerable to performance variability. These differentiated insights are valuable for logistics planning and infrastructure policy-making in a dynamic and uncertain environment. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is among the first to apply neutrosophic DEA in evaluating port performance, introducing a novel methodological contribution to the operations and supply chain management literature.