Nano suspension and Nano emulsion: Formulation, Characterization and Applications

Nanosuspensions and nano emulsions are advanced colloidal drug delivery systems designed to overcome the limitations of poorly water-soluble drugs by improving their bioavailability, solubility, and targeted therapeutic effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of their formulation methods, characterization techniques, and a wide range of pharmaceutical applications. The preparation of nanosuspensions typically involves high-pressure homogenization, media milling, and precipitation techniques. In contrast, nano emulsions are produced using either high-energy methods such as ultrasonication and high-pressure homogenization, or low-energy approaches like spontaneous emulsification. Key excipients, including stabilizers like poloxamers and Tween 80, along with other surfactants, are essential for achieving particle sizes below 1 μm and ensuring long-term stability. Characterization relies on advanced techniques such as dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential analysis to assess particle size and surface charge. Morphological evaluation is conducted using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while crystallinity is examined through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Performance is further assessed using in vitro dissolution and ex vivo permeation studies. These nanocarriers are widely used in oral, topical, ocular, and parenteral delivery, with notable success in treating cancers, viral infections, and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite their advantages, challenges remain in areas such as large-scale production, surfactant toxicity, and regulatory approval. This review highlights the promise of these systems in Quality by Design (QbD)-oriented formulations and offers insights to support future translational research and industrial implementation.