Primordial black holes: constraints, potential evidence and prospects

Abstract Primordial black holes (PBHs) may have formed in the early Universe and may account for all or part of the dark matter. In this review, we summarize the current observational constraints on PBHs across the full mass range, highlight potential evidence for their existence, and outline the prospects for future searches, particularly with gravitational-wave observatories. We also discuss different PBH formation scenarios, identify the corresponding mass functions, and present the observational constraints in each case.

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Publication Details

Journal
Rivista Del Nuovo Cimento
Published
2026-03-31
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40766-026-00080-z
Primary Topic
Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

Primordial black holes: constraints, potential evidence and prospects

B. Carr, Hardi Veermäe, Ville Vaskonen, Antonio J. Iovino et al.
Rivista Del Nuovo Cimento
Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
article

Primordial black holes: constraints, potential evidence and prospects

B. Carr, Hardi Veermäe, Ville Vaskonen, Antonio J. Iovino, Gabriele Perna
article en

Abstract

Abstract Primordial black holes (PBHs) may have formed in the early Universe and may account for all or part of the dark matter. In this review, we summarize the current observational constraints on PBHs across the full mass range, highlight potential evidence for their existence, and outline the prospects for future searches, particularly with gravitational-wave observatories. We also discuss different PBH formation scenarios, identify the corresponding mass functions, and present the observational constraints in each case.

Rivista Del Nuovo Cimento
New York University Abu Dhabi (AE), University of Padua (IT), Queen Mary University of London (GB), National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (EE), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova (IT)
European Commission, Eesti Teadusagentuur, Università degli Studi di Padova, HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme
Openalex Percentile: Top 20%
Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
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Primordial black holes: constraints, potential evidence and prospects — B. Carr, Hardi Veermäe, et al. · Rivista Del Nuovo Cimento (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS